@beartracker @maxallen @aguilita @jwidness @matthewinabinett @davidbygott @ptexis @taogirl @variani18
INTRODUCTION
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is renowned for its extreme speed and endurance when galloping - a topic which I do not address in this Post.
Instead, my aim is to illustrate the following, lesser-known gaits of the pronghorn, viz.
The gaits of the pronghorn were well-documented more than 40 years ago (Bullock 1982, https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38898576/Franklin_Vicuna_1974.pdf?1443280555=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Social_Behavior_of_the_Vicuna_p_477.pdf&Expires=1712873946&Signature=SECkGoREl0a4cUhkekReWb~lmpS6pcXk3a8mKqpPS1NBzaognfNWVSikWAgOp8og4Zg5hKKo7IwBdCpRhQJoFctQfmEmTybFmoOLzO4mw5I6veY5WEbKvheRW6Fs1KwCuTXl-7JONfeN1~hknoodkwwpFlnCA4Jx7k6Z6UzoL~T3CSTtUAgdBOhfXJBPHUTLzjELAzBrYbmWIsfTh3LCiJAjQyeqerYW32CUzD7OQs4nUk-yyMG028rFb-yvfhlYljCstpqVvzsPMc1ppUe1xlbg4xrtVh59t1-H7XDKRYeu-CXvagQt-pDu7aMuBrsYKaQXR0qcAwCElwV6b4jVbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=272 and https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z82-243?journalCode=cjz and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237992215_An_analysis_of_locomotor_body_movements_in_pronghorn_antelope and https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z82-243 and https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830497).
However, it is only now that there are enough photos of this species on the Web to illustrate certain gaits clearly. The terms I use do not necessarily correspond to those of Bullock (1982).
RESULTS
Cross-walking:
https://medium.com/usfws/rare-sonoran-pronghorn-are-rebounding-5de9c5343ded
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151154169
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111103776
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192148380
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7877948
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45872075
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45933776
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/22592549
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198888097
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67474435
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60448113
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49918376
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14608967
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/206380030
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188952650
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136027864
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120592993
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117610955
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112181226
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105114626
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34874373
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27069190
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/646613
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172730233
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160784537
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86366821
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69182943
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126642775
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168931232
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149564088
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104441773
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72881424
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28156962
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194604847
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189136437
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188672871
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169802309
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169102077
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164225148
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141591681
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128406785
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58704010
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25524800
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/369882
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198029380
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83973812
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38435151
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19730539
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81736547
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18340076
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13011401
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10091257
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180569759
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162597053
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112784916
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/206481220
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/167297136
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144115273
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124978685
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202996237
Semi cross-walking:
https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/pronghorn-antelope-walking-in-the-plains-hag1g3ixwj2v2c9nu
https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/pronghorn-antelope-tracked-while-walking-in-grass-ki1bmav
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169977981
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81226031
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165599558
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77144531
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/108666122
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4682916
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180187343
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141759202
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116033559
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95166793
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/190532708
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/187425583
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/187403044
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164915852
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161660531
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120618226
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112788711
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45924357
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37510543
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7975933
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173803819
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192932980
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24766943
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2313666
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202605521
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105126822
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16640889
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181843893 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179269836
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181284223
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/176878956
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172456278
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138443166
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135297540
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/130235159
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123661093
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92061482
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90601957
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27175238
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25857516
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19058413
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12998710
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199628
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/159245812
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192495811
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173367219
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124848728
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124652556
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105552317
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90042028
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77808716
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71174311
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66697932
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19299335
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1434006
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192755246
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184207314
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181446232
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/170446653
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168856780
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153092774
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123618854
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116494036
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71882182
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62759588
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57729297
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39740119
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8697208
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178173951
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165313189
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40796530
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5173255
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200516676
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131997891
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128984894
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128984893
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/108361908
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60921261
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28039844
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6186244
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171266598
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125877305
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116925430
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104078696
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62604018
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38034079
Ambling:
https://blog.gritrsports.com/big-game-profile-pronghorn/
https://www.oceanlight.com/spotlight.php?img=19627
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74202062
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172746714
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41200343
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60531788
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5119706
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38203216
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89398530
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/26399635
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161080559
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137670731
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197367318
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137336427
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/193225312
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153326755
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14970879
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160981894
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143827822
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165313190
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143377354
https://www.alamy.com/video/pronghorn-walking-in-a-field-582837040.html
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75666276
Proud-trotting:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162332610
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6506049
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/119916340
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28842659
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10151399
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196884072
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153327177
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142944555
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65214769
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58bODe6e7gA
Stotting:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=EMncnjX7vcU
Scroll in https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOI/bulletins/3478106
https://blissphotographics.com/pronking-pronghorn-levitating/
https://blissphotographics.com/pronghorn-levitation-stotting-or-pronking/
https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/graceful-pronghorn-in-midair--320529698481685013/
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99162488
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/26690567
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153327177
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20058575
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81342377
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18212065
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5028581
DISCUSSION
The pronghorn conforms to a category of ungulates that I have called 'plains game'.
This is because it combines the following features/traits:
Species of 'plains game' in the family Bovidae, in Africa and Eurasia, typically amble. I refer to all Alcelaphini and Hippotagini, and certain Antilopini, Reduncini, and possibly Caprini.
Based on its evolutionary convergences with 'plains game', we would expect the pronghorn to amble.
However, Bullock (1982) - despite the thoroughness of his study - did not find the pronghorn to amble.
So, is it true that the pronghorn is anomalous relative to bovid 'plains game', in lacking an ambling gait?
My study, as illustrated in this Post, offers a correction to Bullock (1982). In fact, the pronghorn does sometimes amble.
The pronghorn is partly aligned with Cervidae, a family in which ambling is absent in even those species
The following (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133255783 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8-1p8WhAYo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r72AnyDaxS0) show the cross-walk typical of Cervidae.
On this basis, it would seem that the pronghorn incongruously combines cross-walking with extreme speed and endurance of galloping.
The diagnostic pattern of 'diagonal' walking gaits - including the cross-walk of the pronghorn - is that the hind foot lifts only once the contralateral foot lands, and the hind foot lands approximately in the track of the ipsilateral fore foot (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40017869 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65114417 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204861686 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/167405274 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18491683).
Bullock (1982) documented that the pronghorn varies this in two ways, viz.
However, Bullock (1982) failed to document the full versatility of walking gaits in the pronghorn.
The following (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126912485) shows this versatility. The juvenile individual on the left is cross-walking, while that on the right is ambling.
In the case of 'display gaits', there is also something new to be investigated about the pronghorn. This is the possibility of two 'display gaits' additional to stotting (in the narrow sense).
These are
However, I have found few unambivalent illustrations of stotting/display gaits in the pronghorn, in either the strict or the loose sense. According to Bullock (1982), stotting is mainly an intraspecific (as opposed to anti-predator) display in the pronghorn, and observed mainly in the breeding season. However, this remains poorly documented photographically.
Stotting in the pronghorn less bouncy than in the sympatric Odocoileus hemionus hemionus. The footfall-pattern is similar, but the height is so much less that stotting hardly seems to demonstrate fitness in the pronghorn.
It is remarkable that infants seem not to stot during play behaviour (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwE_IFvABKw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQdzJm0A5co).
The pronghorn is extreme, among ungulates, in advertising itself by means of white piloerection of a bleeze on the hindquarters (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17052354 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144032230 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124828985).
However, any correlation between gait and the piloerection of this acetabulo-ischiopygal bleeze - which often occurs when the figure is stationary - is weak.
MAIN QUESTIONS RAISED
This investigation has raised three main questions about the gaits of the pronghorn, as follows. In this species,
Also see
Comments
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155899807
The following (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6Zy2tVuiMs) contains clear footage of cross-walking, semi cross-walking, trotting, and proud-trotting in Antilocapra americana.
Trotting in Antilocapra americana:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/22705289
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144516500
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2758367
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164561249
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136235134
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4117498
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162241640
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131088570
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27068642
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/187530809
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140090599
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41279478
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78942097
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50156743
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17118722
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61051489
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57142120
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84695820
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/185366014
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178228693
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165606214
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124409142
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82181315
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27288916
second photo in https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45933776
?proud-trotting:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1442132
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178938094
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168240847
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163750118
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132486728
Precociality of the acetabulo-ischiopygal bleeze (on the hindquarters) in Antilocapra americana:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7978405
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126139676
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69829356
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107216838
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123875399
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148159918
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124089134
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34719918
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169108851
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165170379
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122244582
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/119809134
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49778466
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173338356
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/170376722
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/170370593
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169800789
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128020154
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121192150
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121117529
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107084135
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105277354
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103032387
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68154906
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55594120
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39246602
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34483367
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34413209
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/26781056
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19084867
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/738030
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171507955
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142764055
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139283353
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131136162
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58298448
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56519678
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50054787
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/704953
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182239808
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151784991
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111647165
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69755791
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36851789
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117821207
https://animals-are-cool.fandom.com/wiki/Impala?file=Aepyceros_melampus.jpg
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32913294
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19562467
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18924616
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17052354
Tail of Antilocapra americana:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/205525626
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189136498
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169829426
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138402164
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124283955
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88427177
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46649738
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27175241
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165147804
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/174962907
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61622417
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136837511
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81519969
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17132368
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163651132
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100655078
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168841019
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/185260408
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85152012
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33857881
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90856053
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57496992
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7286697
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106137357
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162253759
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161985430
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139066166
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137071149
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101009194
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51024796
https://www.dreamstime.com/wildlife-photography-close-up-detail-view-head-eyes-fur-horns-deer-stag-wildlife-photography-close-up-detail-view-image238499088
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLueOIcB7Us
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21911379
https://www.library.nd.gov/statedocs/GameFish/prong-mgmt-pt120090513.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myOBVbBIQ90
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944200617302350
https://watermark.silverchair.com/90-1.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1YwggNSBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNDMIIDPwIBADCCAzgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMA5BIAtnRETtzvDxNAgEQgIIDCTvthcPRh0gz1nZv43qYXR8MuOAWv7bj6V9cwMz1-tcK-x06ZP8ttg3f4sN5DSZk0epWUDoahraiDJxcFMpb-yn2EqZlQH_16NhpOKnPcVZWGvh6Qn0ni2dB4zufe3Y2Ilh13s3gIUXnBBJvGfeQZD3eJ3kgeEHyQIu_0VHyTjhfDr8l0-CwTg3g6qWlZ6Bs7tfbiWB3bsqHamqIlzvajMaiaLweHVCt7ndhu6PNDVrH2BBee83nktXy5CBqbQ2K0Uu3lPuViWXWLC5dEeLvUDAghRHPJkMPa3l0u0CrS3Xmpe333sHlPc6OjkNlKEVfm-k06z0jVWI0rFQ5Us8C-mo4IBNt2LE34KUDMOoWr-lyf8gGUp_6hMcYjBJv8k3Nd8Npi6I_1B6w2Bsjo1y3DLl3qdtPmRQRdb1uZw1IXLa7eQ-TqnbugtDF4En3bHkUyMwf7NtoV-CeFoVZFQjxIR8Rq-zXsbfhGKq-WWoIG8ld3sUsLqauVWaZxUTQ4LrFfCWj4oFbMs-fbp1D7d8d2GAUAyD8qtq3J9yw1ov9vJq7MW0T_zyiM-AHy7slgngEUx5Fdd2xFtTCFw4G8IBoKpScjHKTud5QRrNA4wkhVwWkTIOvxVtvbB12fVIpRUE3zQtDMERLy_bLssQLMcGhaj6X3W-MmVFA0F0oaZHFrjqWRKqNCoqNyhglRvrYjbVo982zCVesmE-XuetVrDjWTIvwoUnGFqWftKm9rGNfHnymGlIGwoDxJzGav60JN2LAFZLLm268xiVTeetUh2RsQMIDhprlWjClT1MET_JavQoF_dHCckjiP8sLBDmQ6Sfkv9NkIFoz3jYV_Deoh7qmjFfB6Jt-C6J60kLt9dIdnQOVS4dGcrsu_WSR9tDA7-yzomvaAJVwt-geh9TcZOfax1LQxM9C-nfEjPiMV8rBWa--06OqIgPLSKqymXIqbn4V0o_yJDq0L7965ZcZ4MObolrfGdr478nrtNWBS71-aDsMydPoJRH7nVyUZ5AyB30dziCHtNP9yyneug
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635718300214
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4533365
https://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-090-01-0001.pdf
https://watermark.silverchair.com/518-1.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1gwggNUBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNFMIIDQQIBADCCAzoGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM_p9WT2x-YGxAKTjcAgEQgIIDC7-0cQkQ_KUfE1f5847S2M8cNCL31mc6rzMrS6fLllB7_u6Ag962CdCggh8wVxz3gQmZdaWX_dT3yWRbxHRS4_DKrzGPwNt3vhL_P9hYcwTbKAr5_Ebn761vqXC-zBLqqRnll3mZ97rAxKv70Gz3OkCNF9Y8626hWd2HDw3r2kTObDTwkMtMK3caLLMz_QkXq29hBaUnM289RpyJfbWkvcQQRMyvLe7AwasVTGbpKVAFm4klcc_ryPEajT1f2Ocj-o6tk4kEc4xBNw8e1ihUrpa-UZDBdpKcCEqeWizJrKolji9-m_iNLWkZj4XSI9rAEKfAe7pgC0y2y5abv9JarnZB_4G6kAlvLkSaO-WTI_tcuMPb61Sr_jZ0S8E4SOizFiVDoPZfmjzhuvyZxBac_9AY8Q5yPD53c12dyytQQfQJs8_lJ8ysK_OaA0c7DFtuLZyzyxQYN3EzbU7WzNWabCr3GOHpqZ-KmsF8spTpiuqUfAvsFxL4_2xJeMG9vHQo62Ck4Pdg9ER5_i-75Z-gWlNWzxdF_hG0MeCVcyu98N8Nf_I2ej_q_PSguoD7i7BZPPXkBJ9mDfwc8TbuwHcFgw9VlQaf73ra9BMaaOyV1s7J3TBw71O9jlI6E5w0PoJ227ukuGg4UQojwULLSFIQovzPrnImNEDf5ZJMPUGBw3Dp4Atp3iej32oJFP4G-MNgxNgsFcW6dnmW56gCYAWhYrMnhLslztWoixOf_-WpFppjujLFFYy3ArgQYet3131-QZ7UHHLBHUneEk-aJ4Qpbv4whXy518QBjA49BAKiFZ6SwfJa45tB9o17Ci5cMTx5x2MOX5Tpe6Ba6WCVeTpkvjd4PWOfbmnSd43ddUVLhQ6EHSZWcrBjCEwF5yqQlkMXetMvAVYpJj6Oqmw3ILdxmmQDdNaqm2vpN2JSsjMKRkCw3kuw2JvfB6z4g-Naq38HuKMGT0ufdMxO8Q2GndrnPd3DSluP1prydCXmlC2p3XWBtH_-RThoY2hiMVyQmqFYpUvCEHQSbNJG2s-F
https://www.deeranddeerhunting.com/content/blogs/dan-schmidt-deer-blog-whitetail-wisdom/deer-stomping-foot-what-does-it-mean
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1280522139145478
https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/water-deer-courtship-male-aggression
Cross-walking in Dama dama:
https://depositphotos.com/photo/young-spotted-white-tailed-deer-walks-field-summer-high-quality-587997502.html
https://www.aigas.co.uk/antlers/
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=433009387608450
https://www.mpalalive.org/field_guide/view/laikipia_hartebeest
https://www.ypradio.org/wildlife-outdoors/2023-04-03/severe-winter-weather-impacting-wyoming-pronghorn-already-hit-by-pneumonia-outbreak
An incorrect answer from Perplexity AI, April 2024:
https://www.perplexity.ai/search/In-ruminants-there-GYZ4pCUxTFWGn0hWjUaPkQ
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/uwymvmamm6681-antilocapra-americana-skull-aa442f96aa0c4e7b83c73bc7efd851a4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=gcN2Vb79DpE
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